| What is the function of the immune system? | to keep the body free from disease |
| What is a pathogen? | microscopic disease-causing organism |
| What are the three kinds of pathogens? | bacteria, viruses, fungi |
| What are the first lines of defense? | skin; lining of the mouth, throat, and eyes; hairs and passageways of nose |
| What is lysozyme? | a chemical found in our saliva and tears that kills bacteria |
| What are the three ways for a pathogen to enter our bodies? | inhale, ingest, cuts or breaks or bites in the skin |
| What is the function of a macrophage? | a white blood cell meaning big eater; it patrols the body, engulfs the invader, and breaks down the cell wall |
| What is the function of a killer T-cell? | a white blood cell that attacks the intruders from the get-go |
| What is the function of a helper T-cell? | a white blood cell that takes a replica of the intruder and reports that identity to the B-cells; it also continues to monitor the number of intruders and the needed destructive power required |
| What is the function of a B-cell? | a white blood cell that produces antibodies |
| What is an antibody? | a special formula of protein, resembling the letter Y, that attaches onto antigens of intruder cells for deactivation |
| What is an antigen? | a foreign protein on an intruder cell |
| What is immunity? | protection from future diseases; antibodies remain in a person's blood |
| What are bacteria? | living, single-cell organisms |
| What are the three main types of bacteria as well as their shape? | cocci (spherical)bacilli (rod)spirilla (curly) |
| What do bacteria need in order to live and grow? | food, moisture, suitable temperature |
| How do bacteria reproduce? | simple cell division in which the genetic material in the cell copies itself |
| How long does it take bacteria to reproduce? | about twenty minutes |
| Are bacteria helpful or harmful? | BOTH |
| What do some helpful bacteria do? | decompose dead animals and plants; transform milk into yogurt and cheese; breakdown food in intestinal tract |
| What do some harmful bacteria do? | manufacture poisonous substances to make people ill |
| What are antibiotics and antiseptics? | antibiotics are medications used to fight bacteria and antiseptics are chemicals added to soaps and cleaning products to kill bacteria |
| What are viruses? | parasites that attach themselves to a living cell in order to reproduce |
| How do viruses reproduce? | a genetic code from the virus is injected into a living cell which must follow the virus's instructions; the virus eats and grows; the cell bursts open; viruses escape to invade other cells |
| Why are viruses on the border between living and non-living cells? | viruses cannot reproduce for themselves; viruses need another living cell for reproduction |
| Are viruses helpful or harmful? | all are harmful |
| Compare the size of bacteria and viruses. | viruses are 100 times smaller than bacteria |
| Compare the reproduction methods of bacteria and viruses. | bacteria reproduce through simple cell division; viruses reproduce through injection into a healthy cell |
| How are bacteria and viruses similar? | both are pathogens, both carry genetic instructions, both have similar transmission methods |
| What are fungi? | one-celled or many-celled plant, may be small or large in size |
| What is another name for fungi? | molds |
| Are fungi helpful or harmful? | BOTH |
| How do fungi reproduce? | spores - small reproductive bodies that become new individuals |
| What do fungi need to reproduce? | oxygen |
| How do most fungi attack the body? | attack the skin or inhaled |
| What are communicable diseases? | contagious diseases |
| What are noncommunicable diseases? | non-contagious diseases |
| How are communicable diseases spread in regards to humans? | from person to person or animal to person |
| How do humans develop noncommunicable diseases? | heredity, environmental factors, poor nutrition |
| What does a vaccine contain? | a dead or weakened pathogen that causes a particular disease |
| How does a vaccine work? | people are injected with a dead or weakened pathogen so the body makes antibodies for future protection |
| How is a vaccine given? | injection or by mouth |
| Vaccines are given for which pathogens? | bacteria and viruses |
| Which two diseases contributed to the discovery of proper vaccination use? | cowpox and smallpox |
| What is WHO? | World Health Organization |
| What are two of Alexander Fleming's major accomplisments? | discovering pencillin and identifying lysozyme |
| What do the common cold and influenza have in common? | both are upper respiratory infections; both are caused by viruses |
| How are the common cold and influenza different? | a cold is a mild infection with uncomfortable symptoms, whereas the flu is more serious with severe symptoms; vaccines are available for the flu but not for colds |
| How do you treat the cold and influenza? | get plenty of rest, drink fluids, wash hands |
| What are some diseases transmitted via bites of insects and animals? | Black Plague, yellow fever, malaria, Lyme disease, rabies |
| Is it possible to be a carrier of a disease but not have it? | YES |
| What do transmission methods have to do with symptoms of the disease? | the transmission method is linked to the system and organs affected |
| What does HIV stand for? | Human Immunodeficiency Virus |
| What does AIDS stand for? | Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome |
| How does the HIV virus harm the body? | the virus attacks the T-cells so the immune system can no longer work properly to destroy pathogens |
| How is the HIV virus transmitted? | through infected blood or other body fluids |
| What are some infamous childhood diseases? | chicken pox, rubella, measles, mumps, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, polio |
| What is the CDC? | Center for Disease Control |
| What is the purpose of the CDC? | to promote health and quality of life by preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability |