What is the function of the immune system? to keep the body free from disease
What is a pathogen? microscopic disease-causing organism
What are the three kinds of pathogens? bacteria, viruses, fungi
What are the first lines of defense? skin; lining of the mouth, throat, and eyes; hairs and passageways of nose
What is lysozyme? a chemical found in our saliva and tears that kills bacteria
What are the three ways for a pathogen to enter our bodies? inhale, ingest, cuts or breaks or bites in the skin
What is the function of a macrophage? a white blood cell meaning big eater; it patrols the body, engulfs the invader, and breaks down the cell wall
What is the function of a killer T-cell? a white blood cell that attacks the intruders from the get-go
What is the function of a helper T-cell? a white blood cell that takes a replica of the intruder and reports that identity to the B-cells; it also continues to monitor the number of intruders and the needed destructive power required
What is the function of a B-cell? a white blood cell that produces antibodies
What is an antibody? a special formula of protein, resembling the letter Y, that attaches onto antigens of intruder cells for deactivation
What is an antigen? a foreign protein on an intruder cell
What is immunity? protection from future diseases; antibodies remain in a person's blood 
What are bacteria? living, single-cell organisms
What are the three main types of bacteria as well as their shape? cocci (spherical)bacilli (rod)spirilla (curly)
What do bacteria need in order to live and grow? food, moisture, suitable temperature
How do bacteria reproduce? simple cell division in which the genetic material in the cell copies itself
How long does it take bacteria to reproduce? about twenty minutes
Are bacteria helpful or harmful? BOTH
What do some helpful bacteria do? decompose dead animals and plants; transform milk into yogurt and cheese; breakdown food in intestinal tract
What do some harmful bacteria do? manufacture poisonous substances to make people ill
What are antibiotics and antiseptics? antibiotics are medications used to fight bacteria and antiseptics are chemicals added to soaps and cleaning products to kill bacteria
What are viruses? parasites that attach themselves to a living cell in order to reproduce
How do viruses reproduce? a genetic code from the virus is injected into a living cell which must follow the virus's instructions; the virus eats and grows; the cell bursts open; viruses escape to invade other cells
Why are viruses on the border between living and non-living cells? viruses cannot reproduce for themselves; viruses need another living cell for reproduction
Are viruses helpful or harmful? all are harmful
Compare the size of bacteria and viruses. viruses are 100 times smaller than bacteria
Compare the reproduction methods of bacteria and viruses. bacteria reproduce through simple cell division; viruses reproduce through injection into a healthy cell
How are bacteria and viruses similar? both are pathogens, both carry genetic instructions, both have similar transmission methods
What are fungi? one-celled or many-celled plant, may be small or large in size
What is another name for fungi? molds
Are fungi helpful or harmful? BOTH
How do fungi reproduce? spores - small reproductive bodies that become new individuals
What do fungi need to reproduce? oxygen
How do most fungi attack the body? attack the skin or inhaled
What are communicable diseases? contagious diseases
What are noncommunicable diseases? non-contagious diseases
How are communicable diseases spread in regards to humans? from person to person or animal to person
How do humans develop noncommunicable diseases? heredity, environmental factors, poor nutrition
What does a vaccine contain? a dead or weakened pathogen that causes a particular disease
How does a vaccine work? people are injected with a dead or weakened pathogen so the body makes antibodies for future protection
How is a vaccine given? injection or by mouth
Vaccines are given for which pathogens? bacteria and viruses
Which two diseases contributed to the discovery of proper vaccination use? cowpox and smallpox
What is WHO? World Health Organization
What are two of Alexander Fleming's major accomplisments? discovering pencillin and identifying lysozyme
What do the common cold and influenza have in common? both are upper respiratory infections; both are caused by viruses
How are the common cold and influenza different? a cold is a mild infection with uncomfortable symptoms, whereas the flu is more serious with severe symptoms; vaccines are available for the flu but not for colds
How do you treat the cold and influenza? get plenty of rest, drink fluids, wash hands
What are some diseases transmitted via bites of insects and animals? Black Plague, yellow fever, malaria, Lyme disease, rabies
Is it possible to be a carrier of a disease but not have it? YES
What do transmission methods have to do with symptoms of the disease? the transmission method is linked to the system and organs affected
What does HIV stand for? Human Immunodeficiency Virus
What does AIDS stand for? Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
How does the HIV virus harm the body? the virus attacks the T-cells so the immune system can no longer work properly to destroy pathogens
How is the HIV virus transmitted? through infected blood or other body fluids
What are some infamous childhood diseases? chicken pox, rubella, measles, mumps, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, polio
What is the CDC? Center for Disease Control
What is the purpose of the CDC? to promote health and quality of life by preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability