| What is the function of the immune system? | to keep the body free from disease |
| What is a pathogen? | microscopic, disease-causing organism |
| What are the three kinds of pathogens? | bacteria, viruses, fungi |
| How is the skin an external line of defense? | the skin provides a barrier as well as releases chemicals via the pores |
| How are the eyes an external line of defense? | tears containing lysozyme wash away pathogens; eyelashes and eyelids sweep away pathogens |
| How is the mouth an external line of defense? | lysozyme is found in saliva to kill bacteria |
| How is the nose an external line of defense? | mucus coats the tiny hairs inside the nose to snare a pathogen in a sticky trap |
| How are the ears an external line of defense? | ear wax helps to trap pathogens |
| What is lysozyme? | a chemical naturally produced by our bodies that kills bacteria |
| What are the three ways for a pathogen to enter our bodies? | cuts, breaks, or bites in the skin; inhalation; ingestion |
| What do transmission methods have to do with symptoms of the disease? | The entrance a pathogen takes to get into the body often determines the body system it will likely impact. |
| What is a macrophage and its function? | a white blood cell meaning big eater; it patrols the body, engulfs the invader, and breaks down the cell wall |
| What is a killer T-cell and its function? | a white blood cell that attacks the intruders from the get-go |
| What is a helper T-cell and its function? | a white blood cell taking a replica of the intruder and reporting the identity to the B-cells; it continues to monitor the number of intruders and the needed destructive power required |
| What is a B-cell and its function? | a white blood cell that produces antibodies |
| What is the relationship between an antibody and pathogen? | Antibodies attach themselves to antigens on the invading pathogen to deactivate its ability to do harm. |
| What is immunity? | protection from future diseases; antibodies remain in a person's blood |
| What are communicable diseases? | infectious or contagious diseases |
| What are noncommunicable diseases? | non-infectious or non-contagious diseases |
| How are communicable diseases spread in regards to humans? | person to personanimal to person |
| How are communicable diseases specifically transmitted? | liquids and foods, body fluids, contaminated objects, airborne inhalation, animal or insect bites |
| How do humans develop noncommunicable diseases? | heredity, environmental factors, poor nutrition, poor care of the body |
| What does a vaccine contain? | a dead or weakened pathogen for a particular disease |
| How does a vaccine work? | When a vaccine is introduced into the body, the immune system believes it is being infected with a disease, so it goes right to work producing antibodies.Once you have these antibodies, you have immunity to that particular disease if it ever were to enter your body in the future. |
| Vaccines are given for which pathogens? | bacteria and viruses |
| Which two diseases contributed to the discovery of proper vaccination use? | cowpox and smallpox |
| Which scientist is responsible for the success of vaccinations? | Edward Jenner |
| What is WHO? | World Health Organization |
| What are two of Alexander Fleming's major accomplisments? | identification of lysozyme; discovery of the antibiotic penicillin |
| What is the Greek meaning of bacteria? | stick or staff |
| Are bacteria living or nonliving? | living |
| What are the three main types of bacteria as well as their shapes? | coccus - sphericalbacillus - rodspirillum - corkscrew |
| What do bacteria need in order to live and grow? | food, moisture, suitable temperature |
| How do bacteria reproduce? | During simple cell division, the genetic material in the cell copies itself, and a wall forms to divide the cell.Each cell splits to form two cells, each with an identifical set of genetic information. |
| How quickly can bacteria reproduce? | in as little as 20 minutes |
| Are bacteria helpful, harmful, or both? | both |
| What do some helpful bacteria do? | help with decomposition, live in our intestinal tracts to help with digestion, some gases and enzymes transform milk into yogurt and cheese |
| What do some harmful bacteria do? | manufacture poisonous substances(pathogens) |
| What are antibiotics? | medicines that kill bacteria |
| What are antiseptics? | cleaning chemicals that kill or stop the growth of bacteria |
| What is the Latin meaning of virus? | poison |
| How do viruses reproduce? | The genetic material of a virus is injected by the virus into a living cell.The host cell must then follow these genetic instructions.The viruses grow and use up the cell's food until the cell bursts open.The viruses then escape to invade and destroy other cells. |
| Why are viruses on the border between living and non-living cells? | Viruses need host cells on which to feed and in which to multiply; they are categorized as parasites. |
| Are viruses helpful, harmful, or both? | harmful |
| Compare the size of bacteria and viruses. | bacteria=100 times smaller than virusesviruses=100 times bigger than bacteria |
| Compare the reproduction methods of bacteria and viruses. | bacteria = simple cell divisionviruses = inject material into another cell |
| How are bacteria and viruses similar? | both pathogens; both carry genetic instructions; transmission methods are similar; immune system protects us against both; vaccines available for both |
| What is another name for fungi? | molds |
| Are fungi helpful, harmful, or both? | both |
| How do fungi reproduce? | through tiny spores, small reproductive bodies that become new individuals, in mass quantity |
| How do most fungi attack the body? | Harmful fungi usually attack the skin, hair, and nails although some can be inhaled. |
| What do some helpful fungi do? | decompose; help in the manufacturing of foods; help in the creation of medicine; food source |
| What do some harmful fungi do? | damage agricultural crops; cause diseases in animals and humans; form poisonous toxins in foods |
| Why are fungi no longer part of the Plant Kingdom? | Fungi obtain food by absorbing nutrients from an external source while plants produce their own food. |
| What do the common cold and influenza have in common? | viruses; upper respiratory infections; prevention methods similar |
| How are the common cold and influenza different? | Humans can function while having a cold unlike with the flu.The flu is much more serious than a cold.A vaccine is available for influenza but not a cold.There are 200 types of colds but only one type of mutating influenza virus. |
| Is it possible to be a carrier of a disease but not have it? | yes |
| Why was Mary Mallon quarantined? | Mary Mallon was a carrier of typhoid fever, and her chosen profession was a cook.She would not agree to never again cook again, so she was quarantined for fear of transmitting typhoid fever. |
| Which animal/insect and pathogen are responsible for Lyme disease? | deer tick / bacteria |
| Which animal/insect and pathogen are responsible for West Nile? | mosquito / virus |
| Which animal/insect and pathogen are responsible for rabies? | mammals / virus |
| Which animal/insect and pathogen are responsible for bubonic plague? | flea / bacteria |
| What is in the MMR vaccine? | measles, mumps, rubella |
| What is in the DTP vaccine? | diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis |
| Which childhood disease often led to paralysis? | polio |
| Which childhood disease name means a swollen pus-filled sore? | chicken pox |
| What does HIV stand for? | Human Immunodeficiency Virus |
| What does AIDS stand for? | Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome |
| How does the HIV virus harm the body? | HIV seeks out the T-cells and incorporates itself into them.The immune system gets very weak. |
| How is the HIV virus transmitted? | through HIV-infected body fluids |
| Which disease is the largest single cause of death in all of human history? | tuberculosis |
| Which disease totally takes away a person's energy? | mononucleosis |
| Which disease has friendly strands, but its unfriendly strand is transmitted through contaminated food and water? | E coli |
| Which disease causes various flu-like symptoms, abdominal pain, jaundice, and liver damage? | hepatitis B |